Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 14882 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 22, Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 14882:1998), which has been technically revised.

Contents

1 General .1
1.1 Scope.1
1.2 Normative references .1
1.3 Terms and definitions .1
1.3.1 argument .1
1.3.2 diagnostic message .2
1.3.3 dynamic type .2
1.3.4 ill-formed program.2
1.3.5 implementation-defined behavior .2
1.3.6 implementation limits .2
1.3.7 locale-specific behavior .2
1.3.8 multibyte character .2
1.3.9 parameter .2
1.3.10 signature .2
1.3.11 static type .2
1.3.12 undefined behavior .2
1.3.13 unspecified behavior .3
1.3.14 well-formed program .3
1.4 Implementation compliance.3
1.5 Structure of this International Standard .4
1.6 Syntax notation .4
1.7 The C + + memory model .4
1.8 The C + + object model .4
1.9 Program execution .5
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1.10 Acknowledgments .8
2 Lexical conventions .9
2.1 Phases of translation .9
2.2 Character sets .10
2.3 Trigraph sequences .11
2.4 Preprocessing tokens .11
2.5 Alternative tokens .12
2.6 Tokens.12
2.7 Comments .12
2.8 Header names .13
2.9 Preprocessing numbers .13
2.10 Identifiers .13
2.11 Keywords .14
2.12 Operators and punctuators .15
2.13 Literals .15
2.13.1 Integer literals .15
2.13.2 Character literals .16
2.13.3 Floating literals .18
2.13.4 String literals .19
2.13.5 Boolean literals .19
3 Basic concepts .21
3.1 Declarations and definitions .21
3.2 One definition rule .22
3.3 Declarative regions and scopes .24
3.3.1 Point of declaration .25
3.3.2 Local scope .26
3.3.3 Function prototype scope .26
3.3.4 Function scope .27
3.3.5 Namespace scope .27
3.3.6 Class scope.27
3.3.7 Name hiding.28
3.4 Name lookup .29
3.4.1 Unqualified name lookup .29
3.4.2 Argument-dependent name lookup .32
3.4.3 Qualified name lookup .34
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3.4.3.1 Class members .35
3.4.3.2 Namespace members .35
3.4.4 Elaborated type specifiers .39
3.4.5 Class member access .40
3.4.6 Using-directives and namespace aliases .41
3.5 Program and linkage .41
3.6 Start and termination.43
3.6.1 Main function.43
3.6.2 Initialization of non-local objects .44
3.6.3 Termination.45
3.7 Storage duration .46
3.7.1 Static storage duration .46
3.7.2 Automatic storage duration.46
3.7.3 Dynamic storage duration .47
3.7.3.1 Allocation functions.47
3.7.3.2 Deallocation functions .48
3.7.4 Duration of sub-objects.48
3.8 Object Lifetime .49
3.9 Types.52
3.9.1 Fundamental types .53
3.9.2 Compound types .55
3.9.3 CV-qualifiers .55
3.10 Lvalues and rvalues .56
4 Standard conversions .59
4.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion .59
4.2 Array-to-pointer conversion .60
4.3 Function-to-pointer conversion .60
4.4 Qualification conversions .60
4.5 Integral promotions .61
4.6 Floating point promotion .61
4.7 Integral conversions .62
4.8 Floating point conversions .62
4.9 Floating-integral conversions .62
4.10 Pointer conversions .62
4.11 Pointer to member conversions .63
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4.12 Boolean conversions .63
5 Expressions .65
5.1 Primary expressions .66
5.2 Postfix expressions .68
5.2.1 Subscripting .68
5.2.2 Function call .68
5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) .70
5.2.4 Pseudo destructor call .70
5.2.5 Class member access .70
5.2.6 Increment and decrement .71
5.2.7 Dynamic cast .72
5.2.8 Type identification .73
5.2.9 Static cast .74
5.2.10 Reinterpret cast .75
5.2.11 Const cast .76
5.3 Unary expressions .78
5.3.1 Unary operators.78
5.3.2 Increment and decrement .79
5.3.3 Sizeof .79
5.3.4 New .80
5.3.5 Delete .83
5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) .84
5.5 Pointer-to-member operators .85
5.6 Multiplicative operators .85
5.7 Additive operators .86
5.8 Shift operators .87
5.9 Relational operators .87
5.10 Equality operators .88
5.11 Bitwise AND operator .89
5.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator .89
5.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator .89
5.14 Logical AND operator .89
5.15 Logical OR operator .90
5.16 Conditional operator .90
5.17 Assignment operators .91
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5.18 Comma operator .92
5.19 Constant expressions .92
6 Statements .95
6.1 Labeled statement .95
6.2 Expression statement .95
6.3 Compound statement or block .95
6.4 Selection statements.96
6.4.1 The if statement .97
6.4.2 The switch statement .97
6.5 Iteration statements .97
6.5.1 The while statement .98
6.5.2 The do statement .98
6.5.3 The for statement.99
6.6 Jump statements .99
6.6.1 The break statement .99
6.6.2 The continue statement.100
6.6.3 The return statement .100
6.6.4 The goto statement .100
6.7 Declaration statement .100
6.8 Ambiguity resolution .101
7 Declarations .103
7.1 Specifiers .104
7.1.1 Storage class specifiers .105
7.1.2 Function specifiers .106
7.1.3 The typedef specifier.107
7.1.4 The friend specifier .108
7.1.5 Type specifiers .108
7.1.5.1 The cv-qualifiers.109
7.1.5.2 Simple type specifiers .110
7.1.5.3 Elaborated type specifiers .111
7.2 Enumeration declarations .112
7.3 Namespaces .114
7.3.1 Namespace definition .114
7.3.1.1 Unnamed namespaces .115
7.3.1.2 Namespace member definitions .115
7.3.2 Namespace alias .117
7.3.3 The using declaration .117
7.3.4 Using directive .123
7.4 The asm declaration .126
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7.5 Linkage specifications .126
8 Declarators .131
8.1 Type names .132
8.2 Ambiguity resolution .132
8.3 Meaning of declarators .134
8.3.1 Pointers .135
8.3.2 References .135
8.3.3 Pointers to members .136
8.3.4 Arrays .137
8.3.5 Functions.138
8.3.6 Default arguments .141
8.4 Function definitions .144
8.5 Initializers .145
8.5.1 Aggregates .147
8.5.2 Character arrays .150
8.5.3 References .150
9 Classes .153
9.1 Class names .153
9.2 Class members .155
9.3 Member functions .157
9.3.1 Nonstatic member functions .158
9.3.2 The this pointer .160
9.4 Static members.160
9.4.1 Static member functions .161
9.4.2 Static data members .161
9.5 Unions .162
9.6 Bit-fields .163
9.7 Nested class declarations .164
9.8 Local class declarations .165
9.9 Nested type names .166
10 Derived classes .167
10.1 Multiple base classes .168
10.2 Member name lookup .169
10.3 Virtual functions .172
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10.4 Abstract classes .176
11 Member access control .179
11.1 Access specifiers .180
11.2 Accessibility of base classes and base class members .181
11.3 Access declarations .182
11.4 Friends .183
11.5 Protected member access .186
11.6 Access to virtual functions.187
11.7 Multiple access .188
11.8 Nested classes .188
12 Special member functions.189
12.1 Constructors .189
12.2 Temporary objects .191
12.3 Conversions .192
12.3.1 Conversion by constructor .193
12.3.2 Conversion functions .194
12.4 Destructors .195
12.5 Free store .198
12.6 Initialization .199
12.6.1 Explicit initialization .200
12.6.2 Initializing bases and members .201
12.7 Construction and destruction .204
12.8 Copying class objects .207
13 Overloading .213
13.1 Overloadable declarations.213
13.2 Declaration matching .215
13.3 Overload resolution .216
13.3.1 Candidate functions and argument lists .217
13.3.1.1 Function call syntax .218
13.3.1.1.1 Call to named function.218
13.3.1.1.2 Call to object of class type .219
13.3.1.2 Operators in expressions .220
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13.3.1.3 Initialization by constructor .222
13.3.1.4 Copy-initialization of class by user-defined conversion.222
13.3.1.5 Initialization by conversion function .222
13.3.1.6 Initialization by conversion function for direct reference binding .223
13.3.2 Viable functions .223
13.3.3 Best Viable Function .223
13.3.3.1 Implicit conversion sequences .225
13.3.3.1.1 Standard conversion sequences .227
13.3.3.1.2 User-defined conversion sequences .227
13.3.3.1.3 Ellipsis conversion sequences.228
13.3.3.1.4 Reference binding .228
13.3.3.2 Ranking implicit conversion sequences.228
13.4 Address of overloaded function .230
13.5 Overloaded operators .232
13.5.1 Unary operators.233
13.5.2 Binary operators.233
13.5.3 Assignment .233
13.5.4 Function call .234
13.5.5 Subscripting .234
13.5.6 Class member access .234
13.5.7 Increment and decrement .234
13.6 Built-in operators .235
14 Templates .239
14.1 Template parameters .240
14.2 Names of template specializations .242
14.3 Template arguments.244
14.3.1 Template type arguments .245
14.3.2 Template non-type arguments .246
14.3.3 Template template arguments .248
14.4 Type equivalence .248
14.5 Template declarations .249
14.5.1 Class templates .249
14.5.1.1 Member functions of class templates.249
14.5.1.2 Member classes of class templates .250
14.5.1.3 Static data members of class templates.250
14.5.2 Member templates .251
14.5.3 Friends .252
14.5.4 Class template partial specializations .254
14.5.4.1 Matching of class template partial specializations .256
14.5.4.2 Partial ordering of class template specializations .257
14.5.4.3 Members of class template specializations .257
14.5.5 Function templates .258
14.5.5.1 Function template overloading .259
14.5.5.2 Partial ordering of function templates .260
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14.6 Name resolution .261
14.6.1 Locally declared names .264
14.6.2 Dependent names .267
14.6.2.1 Dependent types.268
14.6.2.2 Type-dependent expressions .268
14.6.2.3 Value-dependent expressions .269
14.6.2.4 Dependent template arguments .269
14.6.3 Non-dependent names.270
14.6.4 Dependent name resolution .270
14.6.4.1 Point of instantiation .270
14.6.4.2 Candidate functions .271
14.6.5 Friend names declared within a class template .271
14.7 Template instantiation and specialization .272
14.7.1 Implicit instantiation .273
14.7.2 Explicit instantiation .276
14.7.3 Explicit specialization .277
14.8 Function template specializations .282
14.8.1 Explicit template argument specification .283
14.8.2 Template argument deduction .285
14.8.2.1 Deducing template arguments from a function call .287
14.8.2.2 Deducing template arguments taking the address of a function template .288
14.8.2.3 Deducing conversion function template arguments.288
14.8.2.4 Deducing template arguments from a type .288
14.8.3 Overload resolution .293
15 Exception handling .297
15.1 Throwing an exception .298
15.2 Constructors and destructors.300
15.3 Handling an exception .300
15.4 Exception specifications .302
15.5 Special functions .304
15.5.1 The terminate() function .304
15.5.2 The unexpected() function .305
15.5.3 The uncaught_exception() function .305
15.6 Exceptions and access .305
16 Preprocessing directives .307
16.1 Conditional inclusion .308
16.2 Source file inclusion .309
16.3 Macro replacement .310
16.3.1 Argument substitution .311
16.3.2 The # operator .311
16.3.3 The ## operator .312
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16.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement.312
16.3.5 Scope of macro definitions .312
16.4 Line control .314
16.5 Error directive .314
16.6 Pragma directive .314
16.7 Null directive .314
16.8 Predefined macro names .315
17 Library introduction .317
17.1 Definitions .317
17.1.1 arbitrary-positional stream .317
17.1.2 character .317
17.1.3 character container type .317
17.1.4 comparison function .317
17.1.5 component.318
17.1.6 default behavior .318
17.1.7 handler function .318
17.1.8 iostream class templates .318
17.1.9 modifier function .318
17.1.10 object state .318
17.1.11 narrow-oriented iostream classes .318
17.1.12 NTCTS .318
17.1.13 observer function .318
17.1.14 replacement function.318
17.1.15 required behavior .318
17.1.16 repositional stream .319
17.1.17 reserved function.319
17.1.18 traits class.319
17.1.19 wide-oriented iostream classes .319
17.2 Additional definitions .319
17.3 Method of description (Informative) .319
17.3.1 Structure of each subclause.319
17.3.1.1 Summary .320
17.3.1.2 Requirements .320
17.3.1.3 Specifications .320
17.3.1.4 C Library .321
17.3.2 Other conventions .321
17.3.2.1 Type descriptions .321
17.3.2.1.1 Enumerated types.322
17.3.2.1.2 Bitmask types.322
17.3.2.1.3 Character sequences .323
17.3.2.1.3.1 Byte strings .323
17.3.2.1.3.2 Multibyte strings .324
17.3.2.1.3.3 Wide-character sequences .324
17.3.2.2 Functions within classes .324
17.3.2.3 Private members .324
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17.4 Library-wide requirements .324
17.4.1 Library contents and organization .325
17.4.1.1 Library contents .325
17.4.1.2 Headers .325
17.4.1.3 Freestanding implementations .326
17.4.2 Using the library .326
17.4.2.1 Headers .326
17.4.2.2 Linkage .327
17.4.3 Constraints on programs .327
17.4.3.1 Reserved names .327
17.4.3.1.1 Macro names .327
17.4.3.1.2 Global names .327
17.4.3.1.3 External linkage .328
17.4.3.1.4 Types.328
17.4.3.2 Headers .328
17.4.3.3 Derived classes .328
17.4.3.4 Replacement functions.328
17.4.3.5 Handler functions.329
17.4.3.6 Other functions .329
17.4.3.7 Function arguments .330
17.4.3.8 Required paragraph .330
17.4.4 Conforming implementations .330
17.4.4.1 Headers .330
17.4.4.2 Restrictions on macro definitions .330
17.4.4.3 Global or non-member functions .330
17.4.4.4 Member functions .331
17.4.4.5 Reentrancy .331
17.4.4.6 Protection within classes.331
17.4.4.7 Derived classes .331
17.4.4.8 Restrictions on exception handling .331
18 Language support library .333
18.1 Types.333
18.2 Implementation properties .334
18.2.1 Numeric limits .334
18.2.1.1 Class template numeric_limits .334
18.2.1.2 numeric_limits members .335
18.2.1.3 Type float_round_style .339
18.2.1.4 Type float_denorm_style.340
18.2.1.5 numeric_limits specializations .340
18.2.2 C Library .341
18.3 Start and termination.342
18.4 Dynamic memory management .343
18.4.1 Storage allocation and deallocation .343
18.4.1.1 Single-object forms .343
18.4.1.2 Array forms .345
18.4.1.3 Placement forms .345
18.4.2 Storage allocation errors .346
18.4.2.1 Class bad_alloc.346
18.4.2.2 Type new_handler.347
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18.4.2.3 set_new_handler .347
18.5 Type identification .347
18.5.1 Class type_info.347
18.5.2 Class bad_cast .348
18.5.3 Class bad_typeid.349
18.6 Exception handling .349
18.6.1 Class exception.349
18.6.2 Violating exception-specifications.350
18.6.2.1 Class bad_exception .350
18.6.2.2 Type unexpected_handler.351
18.6.2.3 set_unexpected.351
18.6.2.4 unexpected .351
18.6.3 Abnormal termination .351
18.6.3.1 Type terminate_handler .351
18.6.3.2 set_terminate .352
18.6.3.3 terminate.352
18.6.4 uncaught_exception .352
18.7 Other runtime support .352
19 Diagnostics library .355
19.1 Exception classes .355
19.1.1 Class logic_error .355
19.1.2 Class domain_error.356
19.1.3 Class invalid_argument .356
19.1.4 Class length_error.356
19.1.5 Class out_of_range.357
19.1.6 Class runtime_error .357
19.1.7 Class range_error .357
19.1.8 Class overflow_error.357
19.1.9 Class underflow_error.358
19.2 Assertions .358
19.3 Error numbers .358
20 General utilities library .359
20.1 Requirements .359
20.1.1 Equality comparison .359
20.1.2 Less than comparison .359
20.1.3 Copy construction .360
20.1.4 Default construction.360
20.1.5 Allocator requirements .360
20.2 Utility components.363
20.2.1 Operators.364
20.2.2 Pairs .364
20.3 Function objects .365
20.3.1 Base.367
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20.3.2 Arithmetic operations .367
20.3.3 Comparisons .368
20.3.4 Logical operations .369
20.3.5 Negators .369
20.3.6 Binders .370
20.3.6.1 Class template binder1st .370
20.3.6.2 bind1st.370
20.3.6.3 Class template binder2nd .370
20.3.6.4 bind2nd.371
20.3.7 Adaptors for pointers to functions .371
20.3.8 Adaptors for pointers to members .372
20.4 Memory.374
20.4.1 The default allocator .374
20.4.1.1 allocator members .375
20.4.1.2 allocator globals .376
20.4.2 Raw storage iterator .376
20.4.3 Temporary buffers .377
20.4.4 Specialized algorithms .377
20.4.4.1 uninitialized_copy .377
20.4.4.2 uninitialized_fill .378
20.4.4.3 uninitialized_fill_n .378
20.4.5 Class template auto_ptr.378
20.4.5.1 auto_ptr constructors.379
20.4.5.2 auto_ptr members .379
20.4.5.3 auto_ptr conversions .380
20.4.6 C Library .380
20.5 Date and time .381
21 Strings library .383
21.1 Character traits .383
21.1.1 Character traits requirements .383
21.1.2 traits typedefs .385
21.1.3 char_traits specializations .385
21.1.3.1 struct char_traits<char>.385
21.1.3.2 struct char_traits<wchar_t>.386
21.2 String classes .387
21.3 Class template basic_string.389
21.3.1 basic_string constructors .393
21.3.2 basic_string iterator support .396
21.3.3 basic_string capacity .396
21.3.4 basic_string element access .398
21.3.5 basic_string modifiers .398
21.3.5.1 basic_string::operator+=.398
21.3.5.2 basic_string::append .398
21.3.5.3 basic_string::assign .399
21.3.5.4 basic_string::insert .400
21.3.5.5 basic_string::erase.401
21.3.5.6 basic_string::replace.401
21.3.5.7 basic_string::copy .402
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21.3.5.8 basic_string::swap .403
21.3.6 basic_string string operations .403
21.3.6.1 basic_string::find .403
21.3.6.2 basic_string::rfind.404
21.3.6.3 basic_string::find_first_of.404
21.3.6.4 basic_string::find_last_of.405
21.3.6.5 basic_string::find_first_not_of.405
21.3.6.6 basic_string::find_last_not_of .406
21.3.6.7 basic_string::substr .406
21.3.6.8 basic_string::compare.406
21.3.7 basic_string non-member functions .407
21.3.7.1 operator+.407
21.3.7.2 operator== .408
21.3.7.3 operator!= .408
21.3.7.4 operator<.409
21.3.7.5 operator>.409
21.3.7.6 operator<= .409
21.3.7.7 operator>= .410
21.3.7.8 swap.410
21.3.7.9 Inserters and extractors .410
21.4 Null-terminated sequence utilities .411
22 Localization library .415
22.1 Locales .415
22.1.1 Class locale .416
22.1.1.1 locale types .418
22.1.1.1.1 Type locale::category.418
22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet .420
22.1.1.1.3 Class locale::id.420
22.1.1.2 locale constructors and destructor .421
22.1.1.3 locale members .422
22.1.1.4 locale operators .422
22.1.1.5 locale static members .423
22.1.2 locale globals .423
22.1.3 Convenience interfaces .423
22.1.3.1 Character classification .423
22.1.3.2 Character conversions .424
22.2 Standard locale categories.424
22.2.1 The ctype category .424
22.2.1.1 Class template ctype.424
22.2.1.1.1 ctype members .425
22.2.1.1.2 ctype virtual functions .426
22.2.1.2 Class template ctype_byname.427
22.2.1.3 ctype specializations .428
22.2.1.3.1 ctype<char> destructor .429
22.2.1.3.2 ctype<char> members .429
22.2.1.3.3 ctype<char> static members .430
22.2.1.3.4 ctype<char> virtual functions.430
22.2.1.4 Class ctype_byname<char> .431
22.2.1.5 Class template codecvt.431
22.2.1.5.1 codecvt members .432
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22.2.1.5.2 codecvt virtual functions .433
22.2.1.6 Class template codecvt_byname .435
22.2.2 The numeric category .435
22.2.2.1 Class template num_get.435
22.2.2.1.1 num_get members .437
22.2.2.1.2 num_get virtual functions .437
22.2.2.2 Class template num_put.439
22.2.2.2.1 num_put members .440
22.2.2.2.2 num_put virtual functions .440
22.2.3 The numeric punctuation facet .443
22.2.3.1 Class template numpunct.443
22.2.3.1.1 numpunct members .444
22.2.3.1.2 numpunct virtual functions .445
22.2.3.2 Class template numpunct_byname.445
22.2.4 The collate category .445
22.2.4.1 Class template collate.445
22.2.4.1.1 collate members .446
22.2.4.1.2 collate virtual functions .446
22.2.4.2 Class template collate_byname .447
22.2.5 The time category .447
22.2.5.1 Class template time_get.447
22.2.5.1.1 time_get members .448
22.2.5.1.2 time_get virtual functions .449
22.2.5.2 Class template time_get_byname.450
22.2.5.3 Class template time_put.450
22.2.5.3.1 time_put members .451
22.2.5.3.2 time_put virtual functions .451
22.2.5.4 Class template time_put_byname.451
22.2.6 The monetary category .452
22.2.6.1 Class template money_get .452
22.2.6.1.1 money_get members .452
22.2.6.1.2 money_get virtual functions .452
22.2.6.2 Class template money_put .454
22.2.6.2.1 money_put members .454
22.2.6.2.2 money_put virtual functions .454
22.2.6.3 Class template moneypunct.455
22.2.6.3.1 moneypunct members .456
22.2.6.3.2 moneypunct virtual functions .456
22.2.6.4 Class template moneypunct_byname.457
22.2.7 The message retrieval category.458
22.2.7.1 Class template messages.458
22.2.7.1.1 messages members .458
22.2.7.1.2 messages virtual functions .459
22.2.7.2 Class template messages_byname.459
22.2.8 Program-defined facets .459
22.3 C Library Locales .463
23 Containers library .465
23.1 Container requirements .465
23.1.1 Sequences .468
23.1.2 Associative containers .471
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23.2 Sequences .474
23.2.1 Class template deque.477
23.2.1.1 deque constructors, copy, and assignment .479
23.2.1.2 deque capacity .480
23.2.1.3 deque modifiers .480
23.2.1.4 deque specialized algorithms .480
23.2.2 Class template list .481
23.2.2.1 list constructors, copy, and assignment .483
23.2.2.2 list capacity .484
23.2.2.3 list modifiers .484
23.2.2.4 list operations .484
23.2.2.5 list specialized algorithms .486
23.2.3 Container adaptors .486
23.2.3.1 Class template queue.486
23.2.3.2 Class template priority_queue .487
23.2.3.2.1 priority_queue constructors .488
23.2.3.2.2 priority_queue members .488
23.2.3.3 Class template stack.488
23.2.4 Class template vector .489
23.2.4.1 vector constructors, copy, and assignment .491
23.2.4.2 vector capacity .492
23.2.4.3 vector modifiers.492
23.2.4.4 vector specialized algorithms .493
23.2.5 Class vector<bool>.493
23.3 Associative containers .495
23.3.1 Class template map.497
23.3.1.1 map constructors, copy, and assignment .499
23.3.1.2 map element access .500
23.3.1.3 map operations .500
23.3.1.4 map specialized algorithms .500
23.3.2 Class template multimap.500
23.3.2.1 multimap constructors.503
23.3.2.2 multimap operations .503
23.3.2.3 multimap specialized algorithms .503
23.3.3 Class template set.503
23.3.3.1 set constructors, copy, and assignment .505
23.3.3.2 set specialized algorithms .506
23.3.4 Class template multiset.506
23.3.4.1 multiset constructors.508
23.3.4.2 multiset specialized algorithms .508
23.3.5 Class template bitset .509
23.3.5.1 bitset constructors .510
23.3.5.2 bitset members .511
23.3.5.3 bitset operators .514
24 Iterators library .515
24.1 Iterator requirements .515
24.1.1 Input iterators .516
24.1.2 Output iterators .517
24.1.3 Forward iterators .518
24.1.4 Bidirectional iterators .519
24.1.5 Random access iterators.519
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24.2 Header <iterator> synopsis .520
24.3 Iterator primitives .522
24.3.1 Iterator traits.522
24.3.2 Basic iterator .523
24.3.3 Standard iterator tags .524
24.3.4 Iterator operations .525
24.4 Predefined iterators .525
24.4.1 Reverse iterators .525
24.4.1.1 Class template reverse_iterator .526
24.4.1.2 reverse_iterator requirements .527
24.4.1.3 reverse_iterator operations .527
24.4.1.3.1 reverse_iterator constructor .527
24.4.1.3.2 Conversion .527
24.4.1.3.3 operator*.527
24.4.1.3.4 operator-> .528
24.4.1.3.5 operator++ .528
24.4.1.3.6 operator-- .528
24.4.1.3.7 operator+.528
24.4.1.3.8 operator+= .528
24.4.1.3.9 operator-.529
24.4.1.3.10 operator-= .529
24.4.1.3.11 operator[] .529
24.4.1.3.12 operator== .529
24.4.1.3.13 operator<.529
24.4.1.3.14 operator!= .529
24.4.1.3.15 operator>.529
24.4.1.3.16 operator>= .530
24.4.1.3.17 operator<= .530
24.4.1.3.18 operator-.530
24.4.1.3.19 operator+.530
24.4.2 Insert iterators .530
24.4.2.1 Class template back_insert_iterator.531
24.4.2.2 back_insert_iterator operations .531
24.4.2.2.1 back_insert_iterator constructor .531
24.4.2.2.2 back_insert_iterator::operator=.531
24.4.2.2.3 back_insert_iterator::operator*.531
24.4.2.2.4 back_insert_iterator::operator++.531
24.4.2.2.5 back_inserter .532
24.4.2.3 Class template front_insert_iterator .532
24.4.2.4 front_insert_iterator operations .532
24.4.2.4.1 front_insert_iterator constructor .532
24.4.2.4.2 front_insert_iterator::operator=.532
24.4.2.4.3 front_insert_iterator::operator*.532
24.4.2.4.4 front_insert_iterator::operator++ .533
24.4.2.4.5 front_inserter.533
24.4.2.5 Class template insert_iterator.533
24.4.2.6 insert_iterator operations .533
24.4.2.6.1 insert_iterator constructor .533
24.4.2.6.2 insert_iterator::operator=.533
24.4.2.6.3 insert_iterator::operator*.534
24.4.2.6.4 insert_iterator::operator++.534
24.4.2.6.5 inserter .534
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24.5 Stream iterators .534
24.5.1 Class template istream_iterator .534
24.5.1.1 istream_iterator constructors and destructor .535
24.5.1.2 istream_iterator operations .535
24.5.2 Class template ostream_iterator .536
24.5.2.1 ostream_iterator constructors and destructor .537
24.5.2.2 ostream_iterator operations .537
24.5.3 Class template istreambuf_iterator .537
24.5.3.1 Class template istreambuf_iterator::proxy .538
24.5.3.2 istreambuf_iterator constructors .539
24.5.3.3 istreambuf_iterator::operator* .539
24.5.3.4 istreambuf_iterator::operator++.539
24.5.3.5 istreambuf_iterator::equal.539
24.5.3.6 operator== .539
24.5.3.7 operator!= .539
24.5.4 Class template ostreambuf_iterator .540
24.5.4.1 ostreambuf_iterator constructors .540
24.5.4.2 ostreambuf_iterator operations .540
25 Algorithms library .543
25.1 Non-modifying sequence operations .551
25.1.1 For each .551
25.1.2 Find .552
25.1.3 Find End.552
25.1.4 Find First.552
25.1.5 Adjacent find .553
25.1.6 Count.553
25.1.7 Mismatch .553
25.1.8 Equal .554
25.1.9 Search .554
25.2 Mutating sequence operations .555
25.2.1 Copy .555
25.2.2 Swap .555
25.2.3 Transform .556
25.2.4 Replace .556
25.2.5 Fill .557
25.2.6 Generate .557
25.2.7 Remove .557
25.2.8 Unique.558
25.2.9 Reverse .558
25.2.10 Rotate .559
25.2.11 Random shuffle .559
25.2.12 Partitions .560
25.3 Sorting and related operations .560
25.3.1 Sorting.561
25.3.1.1 sort.561
25.3.1.2 stable_sort.561
25.3.1.3 partial_sort.561
25.3.1.4 partial_sort_copy.562
25.3.2 Nth element .562
25.3.3 Binary search .562
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25.3.3.1 lower_bound.562
25.3.3.2 upper_bound.563
25.3.3.3 equal_range.563
25.3.3.4 binary_search .563
25.3.4 Merge .564
25.3.5 Set operations on sorted structures .564
25.3.5.1 includes .565
25.3.5.2 set_union.565
25.3.5.3 set_intersection.565
25.3.5.4 set_difference.566
25.3.5.5 set_symmetric_difference.566
25.3.6 Heap operations .566
25.3.6.1 push_heap.567
25.3.6.2 pop_heap .567
25.3.6.3 make_heap.567
25.3.6.4 sort_heap.567
25.3.7 Minimum and maximum .568
25.3.8 Lexicographical comparison .568
25.3.9 Permutation generators .569
25.4 C library algorithms .569
26 Numerics library .571
26.1 Numeric type requirements .571
26.2 Complex numbers .572
26.2.1 Header <complex> synopsis .572
26.2.2 Class template complex.573
26.2.3 complex specializations .574
26.2.4 complex member functions.575
26.2.5 complex member operators.575
26.2.6 complex non-member operations .576
26.2.7 complex value operations .578
26.2.8 complex transcendentals .578
26.3 Numeric arrays .579
26.3.1 Header <valarray> synopsis .579
26.3.2 Class template valarray.582
26.3.2.1 valarray constructors.584
26.3.2.2 valarray assignment .584
26.3.2.3 valarray element access .585
26.3.2.4 valarray subset operations .585
26.3.2.5 valarray unary operators .586
26.3.2.6 valarray computed assignment .586
26.3.2.7 valarray member functions .587
26.3.3 valarray non-member operations .588
26.3.3.1 valarray binary operators .588
26.3.3.2 valarray logical operators .589
26.3.3.3 valarray transcendentals.590
26.3.4 Class slice.590
26.3.4.1 slice constructors .591
26.3.4.2 slice access functions .591
26.3.5 Class template slice_array .591
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26.3.5.1 slice_array constructors .592
26.3.5.2 slice_array assignment .592
26.3.5.3 slice_array computed assignment .592
26.3.5.4 slice_array fill function .593
26.3.6 The gslice class .593
26.3.6.1 gslice constructors.594
26.3.6.2 gslice access functions .594
26.3.7 Class template gslice_array.594
26.3.7.1 gslice_array constructors .595
26.3.7.2 gslice_array assignment.595
26.3.7.3 gslice_array computed assignment.595
26.3.7.4 gslice_array fill function.596
26.3.8 Class template mask_array.596
26.3.8.1 mask_array constructors .596
26.3.8.2 mask_array assignment .596
26.3.8.3 mask_array computed assignment.597
26.3.8.4 mask_array fill function .597
26.3.9 Class template indirect_array .597
26.3.9.1 indirect_array constructors .598
26.3.9.2 indirect_array assignment .598
26.3.9.3 indirect_array computed assignment .598
26.3.9.4 indirect_array fill function .599
26.4 Generalized numeric operations .599
26.4.1 Accumulate .599
26.4.2 Inner product .600
26.4.3 Partial sum .600
26.4.4 Adjacent difference .601
26.5 C Library .601
27 Input/output library .605
27.1 Iostreams requirements .605
27.1.1 Imbue Limitations .605
27.1.2 Positioning Type Limitations .605
27.2 Forward declarations.605
27.3 Standard iostream objects .608
27.3.1 Narrow stream objects .608
27.3.2 Wide stream objects .609
27.4 Iostreams base classes .610
27.4.1 Types.610
27.4.2 Class ios_base .611
27.4.2.1 Types.613
27.4.2.1.1 Class ios_base::failure.613
27.4.2.1.2 Type ios_base::fmtflags.613
27.4.2.1.3 Type ios_base::iostate .614
27.4.2.1.4 Type ios_base::openmode.615
27.4.2.1.5 Type ios_base::seekdir .615
27.4.2.1.6 Class ios_base::Init.615
27.4.2.2 ios_base fmtflags state functions .616
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27.4.2.3 ios_base locale functions .616
27.4.2.4 ios_base static members .617
27.4.2.5 ios_base storage functions .617
27.4.2.6 ios_base callbacks .618
27.4.2.7 ios_base constructors/destructors .618
27.4.3 Class template fpos .618
27.4.3.1 fpos Members .618
27.4.3.2 fpos requirements .618
27.4.4 Class template basic_ios .619
27.4.4.1 basic_ios constructors .620
27.4.4.2 Member functions .621
27.4.4.3 basic_ios iostate flags functions .622
27.4.5 ios_base manipulators .623
27.4.5.1 fmtflags manipulators .623
27.4.5.2 adjustfield manipulators .624
27.4.5.3 basefield manipulators .625
27.4.5.4 floatfield manipulators .625
27.5 Stream buffers .625
27.5.1 Stream buffer requirements .626
27.5.2 Class template basic_streambuf<charT,traits> .626
27.5.2.1 basic_streambuf constructors .628
27.5.2.2 basic_streambuf public member functions .629
27.5.2.2.1 Locales .629
27.5.2.2.2 Buffer management and positioning .629
27.5.2.2.3 Get area .629
27.5.2.2.4 Putback .630
27.5.2.2.5 Put area .630
27.5.2.3 basic_streambuf protected member functions.630
27.5.2.3.1 Get area access .630
27.5.2.3.2 Put area access .631
27.5.2.4 basic_streambuf virtual functions .631
27.5.2.4.1 Locales .631
27.5.2.4.2 Buffer management and positioning .631
27.5.2.4.3 Get area .632
27.5.2.4.4 Putback .633
27.5.2.4.5 Put area .634
27.6 Formatting and manipulators .635
27.6.1 Input streams .636
27.6.1.1 Class template basic_istream.636
27.6.1.1.1 basic_istream constructors.638
27.6.1.1.2 Class basic_istream::sentry .638
27.6.1.2 Formatted input functions .639
27.6.1.2.1 Common requirements.639
27.6.1.2.2 Arithmetic Extractors.639
27.6.1.2.3 basic_istream::operator>> .640
27.6.1.3 Unformatted input functions .641
27.6.1.4 Standard basic_istream manipulators .645
27.6.1.5 Class template basic_iostream .646
27.6.1.5.1 basic_iostream constructors .646
27.6.1.5.2 basic_iostream destructor .646
27.6.2 Output streams .646
27.6.2.1 Class template basic_ostream.646
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27.6.2.2 basic_ostream constructors.648
27.6.2.3 Class basic_ostream::sentry .648
27.6.2.4 basic_ostream seek members .649
27.6.2.5 Formatted output functions .650
27.6.2.5.1 Common requirements.650
27.6.2.5.2 Arithmetic Inserters .650
27.6.2.5.3 basic_ostream::operator<< .650
27.6.2.5.4 Character inserter function templates .651
27.6.2.6 Unformatted output functions .652
27.6.2.7 Standard basic_ostream manipulators .653
27.6.3 Standard manipulators .653
27.7 String-based streams .655
27.7.1 Class template basic_stringbuf.656
27.7.1.1 basic_stringbuf constructors .657
27.7.1.2 Member functions .657
27.7.1.3 Overridden virtual functions .658
27.7.2 Class template basic_istringstream .660
27.7.2.1 basic_istringstream constructors .660
27.7.2.2 Member functions .661
27.7.3 Class basic_ostringstream.661
27.7.3.1 basic_ostringstream constructors .662
27.7.3.2 Member functions .662
27.7.4 Class template basic_stringstream.662
27.7.5 basic_stringstream constructors .663
27.7.6 Member functions .663
27.8 File-based streams .664
27.8.1 File streams .664
27.8.1.1 Class template basic_filebuf.664
27.8.1.2 basic_filebuf constructors.665
27.8.1.3 Member functions .666
27.8.1.4 Overridden virtual functions .667
27.8.1.5 Class template basic_ifstream .669
27.8.1.6 basic_ifstream constructors .670
27.8.1.7 Member functions .670
27.8.1.8 Class template basic_ofstream .671
27.8.1.9 basic_ofstream constructors .671
27.8.1.10 Member functions .672
27.8.1.11 Class template basic_fstream.672
27.8.1.12 basic_fstream constructors.673
27.8.1.13 Member functions .673
27.8.2 C Library files .673
Annex A (informative) Grammar summary .675
A.1 Keywords .675
A.2 Lexical conventions .675
A.3 Basic concepts.679
A.4 Expressions .679
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A.5 Statements .682
A.6 Declarations .683
A.7 Declarators .685
A.8 Classes .687
A.9 Derived classes.688
A.10 Special member functions .688
A.11 Overloading .688
A.12 Templates .689
A.13 Exception handling .689
A.14 Preprocessing directives.690
Annex B (informative) Implementation quantities .693
Annex C (informative) Compatibility .695
C.1 C + + and ISO C .695
C.1.1 Clause 2: lexical conventions .695
C.1.2 Clause 3: basic concepts .696
C.1.3 Clause 5: expressions .698
C.1.4 Clause 6: statements .699
C.1.5 Clause 7: declarations .699
C.1.6 Clause 8: declarators .701
C.1.7 Clause 9: classes.702
C.1.8 Clause 12: special member functions.703
C.1.9 Clause 16: preprocessing directives .704
C.2 Standard C library .704
C.2.1 Modifications to headers .706
C.2.2 Modifications to definitions .706
C.2.2.1 Type wchar_t.706
C.2.2.2 Header <iso646.h> .707
C.2.2.3 Macro NULL.707
C.2.3 Modifications to declarations .707
C.2.4 Modifications to behavior .707
C.2.4.1 Macro offsetof(type, member-designator).707
C.2.4.2 Memory allocation functions .707
Annex D (normative) Compatibility features .709
D.1 Increment operator with bool operand .709
D.2 static keyword .709
D.3 Access declarations .709
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D.4 Implicit conversion from const strings .709
D.5 Standard C library headers .709
D.6 Old iostreams members .709
D.7 char* streams .711
D.7.1 Class strstreambuf.711
D.7.1.1 strstreambuf constructors .713
D.7.1.2 Member functions .714
D.7.1.3 strstreambuf overridden virtual functions .714
D.7.2 Class istrstream.717
D.7.2.1 istrstream constructors .717
D.7.2.2 Member functions .717
D.7.3 Class ostrstream.718
D.7.3.1 ostrstream constructors .718
D.7.3.2 Member functions .718
D.7.4 Class strstream .719
D.7.4.1 strstream constructors .719
D.7.4.2 strstream destructor .720
D.7.4.3 strstream operations .720
Annex E (normative) Universal-character-names .721
Index .723